Since its launch in 2015, the key state-owned forest regions reform has significantly achieved goals in maintaining and safeguarding national ecological security, industrial security, food security, timber security and national defense security, and promoting the achievement of common prosperity, which further demonstrates the strategic position of Northeast China for the country. However, in the periol after the reform, there are still some issues waiting for solutions in the key state-owned forest regions and the reform is currently challenged by regional governance, forest management, social function fulfillment, and regional development. By examining and summarizing the reform achievements and practical challenges in the key state-owned forest regions, this paper proposes four focus points in high-quality development, including establishing and improving the governance system and forest property rights system, constructing and improving a long-term mechanism for sustainable forest management, properly solving the issues that have arisen in the transfer of social functions and remained unsolved, and promoting high-quality modernization construction of state-owned forest regions. These suggestions aim to deepen the key state-owned forest regions reform, enhance the ability to ensure the "five major security" of the country, and help form new advantages for full revitalization of Northeast China.
Forest tending subsidy policy is an important component of China's forest management subsidy system, and is an important means to promote forestry-based ecological development and improve local people's livelihoods. The research team conducted on-site visits and investigations on multiple state-owned forest industry enterprises and forest farms in Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province, and collected data by means of in-depth interviews, group discussions, and questionnaire survey. By analyzing the pathways to implementing forest tending subsidy policies for different types of forestry management entities and comparing the specific implementation of state-owned forestry industry enterprises and forest farms and its problems, the effective and targeted countermeasures are proposed to improve forest tending, including:1) Identifying the details of forest tending policies for increasing and developing differential standard of tending subsidy; 2) Expanding the ways to organize forest tending and completing the tending operations with multiple means; 3) Improving the information disclosure arrangement at the grassroot level for better policy dissemination; and 4) Strengthening the training on tending skill for professional technical teams cultivation.
The combination of natural forest protection and non-commercial forest management can bring forest classification management and forestry ecosystem improvement on a more scientific and standardized track, effectively solving the problems in forest resource protection and management in the new era, and it is a significant innovation in ecological civilization thoughts. Through the review of the evolution process of the policies related to forest classification management since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, this paper explores the underlying logic of combining natural forest protection and non-commercial forest management from three aspects, i.e., the transition from multiple functions and classification management of forests to the unified basic data, the transition from the fiscal and tax system reform and transfer payment to unified fiscal policies, and the transition from protection and management of forest resource and improvement of forestry ecological systems to a unified system of management and protection. The core issues including laws and regulations, property right systems, and fiscal and tax system, technical standards and ecological product value are analyzed, and current challenges and difficulties are summarized. The strategies are hence proposed from the five aspects of improving the legal and regulatory system, adjusting the reform direction of ecological forest tenure system, further deepening the reform of financial and tax system, integrating and revising relevant technical standards, and exploring the mechanism for realizing ecological product value.
Digital forestry is an important part of digital China, and it is one of the inevitable choices for building up new advantages in international competition. China's digital forestry is still in the growing and improving stage in terms of the approaches to development and application, while the high-quality development of the forestry industry also needs to rely on the full integration of digital technology. As there are great differences in the digital forestry development between developed and developing countries, learning the experience and lessons of the pioneers in the digital transformation of forestry across the world could provide great references for the digitalization-based and high-quality development of forestry industry in China. In view of the similarities in the current state and existing problems of digital forestry development between China and international community, this paper elaborates and analyses the developed countries' experience in forestry digital development at the technical and the management levels from the perspective of international comparison, and puts forward the inspirations for China. Firstly, the integration and sharing of forestry data should be promoted and high-quality talents cultivated for digital forestry. Secondly, government policy support should be improved. Thirdly, the spatial spillover effect of digital technology on the forestry industry should be given full play to. On this basis, the future research directions are proposed, including in-depth analysis of the theoretical mechanism of digitalization-empowered high-quality development of forestry industry and its influencing factors, and proper integration of various methods and tools such as cloud computing, Internet of Things, and big data to ponder and solve problems based on the theoretical research on traditional economics and management, so as to provide all-round supports for the high-quality development of forestry industry.
森林资源清查在于摸清森林资源现状及其变化规律,为林业政策制定和调整提供参考依据。文中基于第九次全国森林资源清查结果,选取其中有代表性的数量和质量指标,运用比较分析、因果分析和潜力分析的方法,进行森林资源清查前后的纵向比较及国内国际的横向比较;在此基础上,进一步研究森林资源变化的推动力,包括植树造林、生态工程、森林经营、避免灾害、适度采伐、提高科技水平、政策制度,及国内国际"两个市场"等,并从数量空间、质量空间、木材需求、科技水平、政策导向等方面分析森林资源增长的潜力;最后,提出确立清晰的森林经营目标和方向、科学开展大规模国土绿化、重视森林质量和可持续经营、做好资源管理和灾害防治工作、充分利用国内国际"两个市场"等政策建议,以期为森林科学经营和林业资源管理提供决策支持,为推进生态文明建设和实现国家"双碳"目标作出贡献。
我国林草事业发展迅速，"绿量"增加举世瞩目，但同时也存在着发展粗放、质量不高等突出问题。不把科技创新这个坎迈过去，就会形成建设速度越快而质量问题越多的"畸形"发展局面，带来重大风险。文中分析了新阶段我国林草科技工作面临的形势和任务，提出林草科技工作思路和对策，指出了当前应着力攻关的重点研究方向。
碳市场是全球应对气候变化的主要政策工具。我国碳市场建设实践过程中,林业碳汇项目国际国内2类市场共存在9种机制类型,国际包括清洁发展机制(CDM)项目、国际自愿碳标准(VCS)项目补偿交易和黄金标准(GS)项目,国内包括国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)项目、中国绿色碳汇基金会(CGCF)自主开发项目、北京市核证减排量(BCER)项目、广东省碳普惠制核证减排量(PHCER)项目、福建省林业碳汇减排量(FFCER)项目和贵州省单株树碳汇扶贫项目,发挥了林业在应对气候变化方面的重要作用,丰富了碳市场交易产品,降低了排放企业减排成本,调动了社会力量参与应对气候变化的意识和行动,促进了林农就业增收和脱贫,拓展了林业生态补偿途径和形式,实现了碳汇生态产品价值转换;但也依然存在政策制度体系不够健全、自愿减排管理机制不够完善、项目产权不够明晰、项目开发交易流程复杂、碳汇交易品种和补偿机制相对单一、对林业碳汇交易认识不清、交易成本和风险高等问题。针对上述问题,文中提出完善碳汇交易制度和政策体系、完善自愿减排管理机制、明晰林业碳汇产权、简化林业碳汇开发备案程序、建立林业碳汇多元化补偿和投入机制、加强对碳汇交易的培训和宣传、创新机制降低林业碳汇项目交易风险、有序扩大林业碳汇市场需求等政策建议。
退耕还林还草是世界著名生态工程，是"两山"理念的生动实践。文中在分析退耕还林还草面临的新形势的基础上，系统回答了什么是退耕还林还草高质量发展、为什么要推动退耕还林还草高质量发展、怎样推动退耕还林还草高质量发展，提出了退耕还林还草高质量发展的基本思路、发展目标、核心内容和政策对策。
文中基于"双碳"战略大背景，总结黑龙江省森林资源和林业碳汇发展现状；分析黑龙江省发展林业碳汇的制约因素，包括社会认可度不高、制度体系不完善等；在此基础上，从7个方面提出促进黑龙江省林业碳汇发展的对策，即加大宣传力度、完善制度体系、提升技术水平、确保资金支持、激发市场需求、构建区域性交易平台、充分发挥产业关联效应。
林业科技创新是促进林业产业现代化的重要推动力，也是林业产业高质量发展的重要抓手。文中分析了我国林业产业科技创新的投入产出情况，发现当前我国林业产业科技创新发展仍存在林业产业重要实践探索不足、科技创新投入不高、成果转化率较低、科技服务体系不健全等问题；建议进一步提升林业产业在我国国民经济体系中的地位，将科技创新作为提升林业产业现代化服务能力的战略任务，将数字化信息化作为林业产业转型升级的重要手段，将林草科技服务体系作为提升林业产业现代化服务能力的重要载体。
在保护自然生态系统的原真性、完整性的前提下，国家公园应该同时兼具科研、教育、游憩等综合功能。自然教育是国家公园的基本功能之一，国家公园是开展自然教育的主要载体。了解现有自然教育体系的优缺点及公众对自然教育的需求，有助于国家公园自然教育体系的建设。为此，文中采用问卷调查和实地考察的方法，从社会公众对国家公园的认知度、对自然教育设施和服务的需求度、对国家公园知识内容和设施媒介的期望等方面分析我国国家公园自然教育体系现状，为国家公园自然教育体系建设和进一步完善提供参考。
中华人民共和国成立以来，经过70多年的发展，中国林业走过了以木材生产为主和以生态建设为主的两大发展阶段，完成了规模数量的快速发展任务，如期实现了《中共中央国务院关于加快林业发展的决定》确定的第一步和第二步战略目标。2021年开始，在中国已经全面建成小康社会、顺利进入全面建设社会主义现代化强国第二个百年奋斗目标新时期，中国林业面临着重大战略机遇。应乘势而上，全面开启高质量发展新阶段，大力推进森林、草原、湿地、荒漠四大自然生态系统和生物多样性"五位一体"林业治理体系现代化，扎实推进科学化、信息化、机械化、制度化、国际化"五化协同"林业治理能力现代化，向2035年基本实现林业现代化和2050年全面实现林业现代化战略目标迈进。
划定生态保护红线是践行"两山"理念的时代任务与优先行动，推动生态产品价值实现则是新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明建设与"后脱贫时代"共同富裕协同推进的重要举措。文中首先在解释生态保护红线内涵的基础上，梳理东北国有林区生态保护红线政策的演进脉络，并以黑龙江省为例结合实际情况理清生态保护红线政策对林业产业发展的约束范围及程度；其次分别针对不同类型的生态产业，阐述生态保护红线对于生态产品价值实现的作用机理；最后从3个方面提出在生态保护红线政策下促进生态产品价值实现的建议:以森林资源为纽带，紧密联系森林碳汇建设与碳中和战略目标；建立物质类生态产品科技创新联盟，增强市场化支撑能力；打造东北国有林区森林生态综合体，促进文化服务类生态产品价值实现。研究可为东北国有林区未来促进生态产品价值实现提供参考，以促进林木资源保护和林业经济高质量发展。
2020年9月和12月，习近平总书记分别在联合国大会和气候雄心峰会上对我国应对气候变化作出重要宣示，对我国林草应对气候变化提出了明确要求，为推进林草碳汇创造了良好机遇。与森林碳汇相比，草地碳汇尚未得到重视和充分研究，而数据显示草地碳汇潜力巨大。美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、日本等从基础研究、方法学体系、碳汇项目试点、完善政策等方面对草地碳汇已进行了较为深入的探索，积累了一定经验。我国草地碳汇潜力巨大，具备了进一步发展的基础条件，将草地碳汇纳入碳市场可助力草原生态建设和生态产品价值实现。为此，我国应充分学习借鉴国外有益经验，进一步加强草地碳汇研究，完善草地碳汇的法律法规、标准、监测核证体系、方法学等基础准备工作，在内蒙古自治区等地启动草地碳汇交易试点，在试点基础上逐步推动草地碳汇纳入碳市场；同时，不断创新完善碳汇研究、基础准备、试点探索方面的政策，进一步展示我国应对气候变化的决心与行动，为应对气候变化树立样板。
1 A Summary of Forest Logging Quota Management System in China
2 Policy and Mechanism of China-ASEAN Forest Governance and Legal Timber Trade Cooperation
5 Non-compliance Analysis of FSC Forest Management Certification in China
6 Comparative Analysis of International Development Program Evaluation and Its Implications for APFNet
7 Evolution and International Comparison of China's Forestry Management System Since 1949
8 Reflections on the Protection and Rehabilitation of Forest Ecosystem in China
9 Recent Situation and Enlightenment of Grassland Carbon Sink in Some Developed Countries
10 High-quality Development Strategy for Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasslands
3 High-quality Development Strategy for Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasslands
4 Comparative Analysis of International Development Program Evaluation and Its Implications for APFNet
5 Reflections on the Protection and Rehabilitation of Forest Ecosystem in China
6 Evolution and International Comparison of China's Forestry Management System Since 1949
7 Recent Situation and Enlightenment of Grassland Carbon Sink in Some Developed Countries
8 Thoughts and Suggestions on Desertification Combating in the Sandy District of Northern China
9 A Summary of Forest Logging Quota Management System in China
10 Reflection on the Development of Creative Forestry Under the Background of Rural Revitalization
4 High-quality Development Strategy for Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasslands
6 Realization Path of China's Forestry Industry Modernization Under the Innovation-Driven Strategy
7 Investigation and Analysis on Public Demand for Nature Education of National Parks in China
8 Thoughts on China's Forestry Development Strategy in the New Era
10 Recent Situation and Enlightenment of Grassland Carbon Sink in Some Developed Countries
