Planning is a comprehensive and long-term development plan, and a complete planning system can better play the role of strategic orientation. On the basis of elaborating the current planning system in China, this paper reviews the fundamental compositions, contents and connotations of the current forest and grassland planning system, and analyzes the relationships of the forest and grassland planning at all levels. It is pointed out that the forest and grassland planning has a profound impact on the development of the forest and grassland sector. Suggestions are put forward giving priority to the needs to formulate the science-based forest and grassland planning at all levels and upgrade the evaluation system and the appraisal mechanism for the implementation of the forest and grassland planning, with a view to facilitating the high-quality development of the forest and grassland sector.
Developing the protection and use planning of forest resource assets is an important task of the principal-agent mechanism piloting of natural resource assets ownership. The planning is an important guarantee to realize the unified management of natural resources assets and increase the value-addition of forest resources assets, an essential policy tool to improve the efficiency of forest resources allocation, and a critical part to promote the modernization of harmony between human and nature. At present, the planning formulation is at the stage of methodological exploration, facing knowledge gaps and methodological challenges, and issues such as planning orientation, planning boundaries, planning subjects and formulating methods need to be further discussed. The paper analyzes the above key issues, and comes up with three countermeasures in line with practical work experience, i.e., determining the positioning of planning to understand the boundary, clarifying its relation with other planning so as to identify the subjects of planning, and defining the technology system for planning formulation to capture the key points of the planning. This study would provide thoughts for implementing the piloting of the principal-agent mechanism of natural resource assets ownership, and also provide references for the pilot projects to formulating the protection and use planning of forest resources assets.
Achieving the balance between requisition and replenishment of the ecological value of forest and forestland and realizing the continuous improvement of forests' ecological functions through market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism is an effective way to practice the concept of "Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets" and realize the value of ecological products. This paper analyzes the implementation effect and demand of the current ecological compensation mechanism, and summarizes the contents and functions of the forest ticket system at its initial stage as well as the realistic significance of using forest ticket system to break through the bottleneck issues in ecological compensation. It proposes the process for implementing forest ticket system, covering all the parts of forest ticket generation and verification, accounting of ecological values of forest and forestland, and transaction, use and post-management of forest tickets, and standardizes the procedures and contents contained in the forest ticket system. Based on the analysis, the authors discuss the feasibility of establishing the forest ticket system, and put forward the suggestions on relevant piloting.
Forest pest disasters have happened increasingly frequently in recent years, posing serious threats to forest resource security, biological security and ecological security. Forest pests control, as a systematic program, cannot truly improve the effectiveness without systematic planning and source control. By analyzing the prominent problems existing in the prevention and control of forest pests, this paper discusses the effective pathways to the systematic management of forest pest disasters in terms of source control, monitoring and early-warning, quarantine supervision, integrated disaster management and restoration, and ability of forest pest control. The study is aimed at providing references for the protection of forest and grassland resources in the new era.
我国林草事业发展迅速,"绿量"增加举世瞩目,但同时也存在着发展粗放、质量不高等突出问题。不把科技创新这个坎迈过去,就会形成建设速度越快而质量问题越多的"畸形"发展局面,带来重大风险。文中分析了新阶段我国林草科技工作面临的形势和任务,提出林草科技工作思路和对策,指出了当前应着力攻关的重点研究方向。
退耕还林还草是世界著名生态工程,是"两山"理念的生动实践。文中在分析退耕还林还草面临的新形势的基础上,系统回答了什么是退耕还林还草高质量发展、为什么要推动退耕还林还草高质量发展、怎样推动退耕还林还草高质量发展,提出了退耕还林还草高质量发展的基本思路、发展目标、核心内容和政策对策。
森林资源清查在于摸清森林资源现状及其变化规律,为林业政策制定和调整提供参考依据。文中基于第九次全国森林资源清查结果,选取其中有代表性的数量和质量指标,运用比较分析、因果分析和潜力分析的方法,进行森林资源清查前后的纵向比较及国内国际的横向比较;在此基础上,进一步研究森林资源变化的推动力,包括植树造林、生态工程、森林经营、避免灾害、适度采伐、提高科技水平、政策制度,及国内国际"两个市场"等,并从数量空间、质量空间、木材需求、科技水平、政策导向等方面分析森林资源增长的潜力;最后,提出确立清晰的森林经营目标和方向、科学开展大规模国土绿化、重视森林质量和可持续经营、做好资源管理和灾害防治工作、充分利用国内国际"两个市场"等政策建议,以期为森林科学经营和林业资源管理提供决策支持,为推进生态文明建设和实现国家"双碳"目标作出贡献。
碳市场是全球应对气候变化的主要政策工具。我国碳市场建设实践过程中,林业碳汇项目国际国内2类市场共存在9种机制类型,国际包括清洁发展机制(CDM)项目、国际自愿碳标准(VCS)项目补偿交易和黄金标准(GS)项目,国内包括国家核证自愿减排量(CCER)项目、中国绿色碳汇基金会(CGCF)自主开发项目、北京市核证减排量(BCER)项目、广东省碳普惠制核证减排量(PHCER)项目、福建省林业碳汇减排量(FFCER)项目和贵州省单株树碳汇扶贫项目,发挥了林业在应对气候变化方面的重要作用,丰富了碳市场交易产品,降低了排放企业减排成本,调动了社会力量参与应对气候变化的意识和行动,促进了林农就业增收和脱贫,拓展了林业生态补偿途径和形式,实现了碳汇生态产品价值转换;但也依然存在政策制度体系不够健全、自愿减排管理机制不够完善、项目产权不够明晰、项目开发交易流程复杂、碳汇交易品种和补偿机制相对单一、对林业碳汇交易认识不清、交易成本和风险高等问题。针对上述问题,文中提出完善碳汇交易制度和政策体系、完善自愿减排管理机制、明晰林业碳汇产权、简化林业碳汇开发备案程序、建立林业碳汇多元化补偿和投入机制、加强对碳汇交易的培训和宣传、创新机制降低林业碳汇项目交易风险、有序扩大林业碳汇市场需求等政策建议。
中华人民共和国成立以来,经过70多年的发展,中国林业走过了以木材生产为主和以生态建设为主的两大发展阶段,完成了规模数量的快速发展任务,如期实现了《中共中央国务院关于加快林业发展的决定》确定的第一步和第二步战略目标。2021年开始,在中国已经全面建成小康社会、顺利进入全面建设社会主义现代化强国第二个百年奋斗目标新时期,中国林业面临着重大战略机遇。应乘势而上,全面开启高质量发展新阶段,大力推进森林、草原、湿地、荒漠四大自然生态系统和生物多样性"五位一体"林业治理体系现代化,扎实推进科学化、信息化、机械化、制度化、国际化"五化协同"林业治理能力现代化,向2035年基本实现林业现代化和2050年全面实现林业现代化战略目标迈进。
林业科技创新是促进林业产业现代化的重要推动力,也是林业产业高质量发展的重要抓手。文中分析了我国林业产业科技创新的投入产出情况,发现当前我国林业产业科技创新发展仍存在林业产业重要实践探索不足、科技创新投入不高、成果转化率较低、科技服务体系不健全等问题;建议进一步提升林业产业在我国国民经济体系中的地位,将科技创新作为提升林业产业现代化服务能力的战略任务,将数字化信息化作为林业产业转型升级的重要手段,将林草科技服务体系作为提升林业产业现代化服务能力的重要载体。
2020年9月和12月,习近平总书记分别在联合国大会和气候雄心峰会上对我国应对气候变化作出重要宣示,对我国林草应对气候变化提出了明确要求,为推进林草碳汇创造了良好机遇。与森林碳汇相比,草地碳汇尚未得到重视和充分研究,而数据显示草地碳汇潜力巨大。美国、欧盟、澳大利亚、日本等从基础研究、方法学体系、碳汇项目试点、完善政策等方面对草地碳汇已进行了较为深入的探索,积累了一定经验。我国草地碳汇潜力巨大,具备了进一步发展的基础条件,将草地碳汇纳入碳市场可助力草原生态建设和生态产品价值实现。为此,我国应充分学习借鉴国外有益经验,进一步加强草地碳汇研究,完善草地碳汇的法律法规、标准、监测核证体系、方法学等基础准备工作,在内蒙古自治区等地启动草地碳汇交易试点,在试点基础上逐步推动草地碳汇纳入碳市场;同时,不断创新完善碳汇研究、基础准备、试点探索方面的政策,进一步展示我国应对气候变化的决心与行动,为应对气候变化树立样板。
智慧林业是在数字林业的基础上,充分利用云计算、物联网、移动互联网、大数据、人工智能等新一代信息技术,构建立体感知、管理协同、服务高效、有效支撑林业现代化建设的新模式。以《中国智慧林业发展指导意见》发布和第三届全国林业信息化工作会议召开为标志,全国林业信息化从"数字林业"进入"智慧林业"的新阶段。文中重点论述了智慧林业的基本概念、产生背景、基本思路、建设目标、核心技术、重点任务等若干最基本、最核心的问题,对推动全国智慧林业发展具有重要作用。
文中基于"双碳"战略大背景,总结黑龙江省森林资源和林业碳汇发展现状;分析黑龙江省发展林业碳汇的制约因素,包括社会认可度不高、制度体系不完善等;在此基础上,从7个方面提出促进黑龙江省林业碳汇发展的对策,即加大宣传力度、完善制度体系、提升技术水平、确保资金支持、激发市场需求、构建区域性交易平台、充分发挥产业关联效应。
文中以云南省为研究对象,对当前生态护林员政策进行归纳,并基于政策执行过程中存在的问题提出针对性政策建议。研究认为,在云南省生态护林员政策执行过程中,通过规范选聘流程、整合并加大资金投入力度、健全管理制度、强化管理和监督等措施,实现了云南省森林资源保护能力和农村居民收入的双重提高,并巩固了边境国土安全,优化了森林管护体系;但是,也存在着生态护林员政策与易地扶贫搬迁政策协调性不足、部分地区政策执行有偏差、部分生态护林员履职不到位、森林管护体系建设有待完善、生态护林员劳动协议存在法律性争议等问题。因此,提出了如下针对性建议:探索建立集中安置点生态护林员腾退机制、强化易地搬迁生态护林员日常管理、不断提升基层单位规范管理能力、推进各类生态管护员精细化管理、继续加强宣传培训工作。
1 A Summary of Forest Logging Quota Management System in China
2 Policy and Mechanism of China-ASEAN Forest Governance and Legal Timber Trade Cooperation
4 Non-compliance Analysis of FSC Forest Management Certification in China
6 Comparative Analysis of International Development Program Evaluation and Its Implications for APFNet
7 Evolution and International Comparison of China's Forestry Management System Since 1949
8 Recent Situation and Enlightenment of Grassland Carbon Sink in Some Developed Countries
9 Reflections on the Protection and Rehabilitation of Forest Ecosystem in China
10 High-quality Development Strategy for Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasslands
3 High-quality Development Strategy for Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasslands
4 Comparative Analysis of International Development Program Evaluation and Its Implications for APFNet
5 Reflections on the Protection and Rehabilitation of Forest Ecosystem in China
6 Evolution and International Comparison of China's Forestry Management System Since 1949
7 Recent Situation and Enlightenment of Grassland Carbon Sink in Some Developed Countries
8 Thoughts and Suggestions on Desertification Combating in the Sandy District of Northern China
9 Reflection on the Development of Creative Forestry Under the Background of Rural Revitalization
10 A Summary of Forest Logging Quota Management System in China
2 High-quality Development Strategy for Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grasslands
5 Thoughts on China's Forestry Development Strategy in the New Era
6 Realization Path of China's Forestry Industry Modernization Under the Innovation-Driven Strategy
7 Recent Situation and Enlightenment of Grassland Carbon Sink in Some Developed Countries
8 Several Basic Issues of Smart Forestry
10 Ecological Forest Ranger Policy in Yunnan Province and Its Implification